[8] This letter has yet to be found,[9] but accounts say that it asked Young what, if anything, should be done with the BakerFancher party camped at nearby Mountain Meadows. [138] It was during this period that the controversial doctrine of blood atonement was occasionally preached by Young, though it was repudiated in 1889 and never practiced by members of the church. . Young's siblings and their spouses were baptized that year or the year afterwards. You must not meddle with them. [56][57], In 1844, Young travelled east again to solicit votes for Joseph Smith in his presidential campaign. During his time as church president, Young led his followers, the Mormon pioneers, west from Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Salt Lake Valley. [46] Eight of Young's plural marriages in Nauvoo were to Joseph Smith's widows. TAMPA, Fla. Acting as his own lawyer, a double-murder defendant opened his death penalty trial by shouting at jurors that he did not attack his girlfriend and disabled daughter. According to the record, Alma the Younger was "a very wicked and an idolatrous man. [147], Before his death in Salt Lake City on August 29, 1877,[148] Young was suffering from cholera morbus and inflammation of the bowels. Haight and Dame were also the senior regional military leaders of the Mormon militia. Just four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Young designated the location for the Salt Lake Temple; he presided over its groundbreaking years later on April 6, 1853. [24] Lee was executed by firing squad at Mountain Meadows on March 23, 1877. Source: Jeffery Ogden Johnson, "Determining and Defining `Wife': The . [159][160] Young was dubbed by his followers the "Lion of the Lord" for his bold personality and commonly was called "Brother Brigham" by Latter-day Saints. "[77], Among Young's first acts upon arriving in the valley were the naming of the city as "The City of the Great Salt Lake" and its organization into blocks of ten acres, each divided into eight equal-sized lots. As stated, Sydney Rigdon believed he was the next prophet. [140], Shortly after the arrival of Young's pioneers, the new Latter-day Saint colonies were incorporated into the United States through the Mexican Cession. His father was a revolutionary war veteran. Historians still debate the autonomy and precise roles of local Cedar City LDS Church officials in ordering the massacre and Young's concealing of evidence in its aftermath. [73] By the time Young arrived at the final destination, it had come under American control as a result of war with Mexico, although U.S. sovereignty would not be confirmed until 1848. Provo, Utah CNN . [21], After visiting Joseph Smith in Kirtland, Brigham set out to preach with his brother Joseph in the winter of 1832-1833. Instead, this able, energetic, earthy man became the absolute ruler and the revered, genuinely loved father figure of all Mormons everywhere. Young was born shortly after his return. If the circumstances of his life had worked out differently [he] might have become a captain of industryan Andrew Carnegie or John D. Rockefeller or a railroad builder. He developed a device for mixing paints, and turned out many chairs, tables, settees, cupboards, and doors. "[189], Mark Twain devoted a chapter and much of two appendices to Young in Roughing It. [101] Young viewed education as a process of learning how to make the Kingdom of God a reality on earth, and at the core of his "philosophy of education" was the belief that the church had within itself all that was necessary to save mankind materially, spiritually, and intellectually. [163] In the 1840s, Young strove to keep aloof from nationwide political debates over slavery, avoiding committing to either antislavery or proslavery positions. The seed of Canaan cannot hold any office, civil or ecclesiastical. [11] Their daughter, Elizabeth, was born on September 26, 1825. A church conference held in Iowa sustained Young and his First Presidency on December 27, 1847. [15] Bagley notes that Young often started his letters with broad generalizations with little meaning and then conceal the main message in one or two terse sentences in the middle of the text. "[70][71] The indictment of Young and other leaders, combined with rumors that troops would prevent the Mormons from leaving led Young to start their exodus in February 1846. [170] His manuscript history from January 5, 1852, which was published in the Deseret News, reads: The negro . The practice of plural marriage brought first heavy persecution and then legislation against the Saints. The U.S. posted bounties of $500 each for the capture of Haight, Higbee, and Stewart, and prosecutors chose not to pursue their cases against Dame, Willden, and Adair. [107], Young also organized a committee to refine the Deseret alphabeta phonetic alphabet which had been developed sometime between 1847 and 1854. She, her husband Nate and their now 2-month-old son Luke fled their home in East Palestine the night of the train derailment to her mother's house about 14 to 15 miles away. Young supported her and her two children while they lived in their own home in Nauvoo. He also helped to convince Hyrum to accept polygamy. Persuaded by The Swede, Phineas believed he was the chosen one to go forward to lead the Mormons, instead of his father. As a church leader, Brigham Young stood in marked contrast to his predecessor, the charismatic, idealistic, and theologically innovative Joseph Smith. :200 When Young received word in July that federal troops were headed to Utah with his replacement, he called out his militia to ambush the federal force using delaying tactics. Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo and More Avengers Praise Little Boy Who Saved Sister in Dog Attack. He also led the Anointed Quorum. [18] A few days after the massacre, September 29, 1857, Lee briefed Young in Salt Lake City. The incident occurred late Saturday afternoon at . As she goes back in memory to the old home, she revives the scenes and varied events which filled her childhood days .more Only children under the age of seven, who were cared for by local Mormon families, survived, and the murdered members of the wagon train were left unburied. [66] Young led the church as president of the Quorum of the Twelve until December 5, 1847, when the quorum unanimously agreed to organize a new First Presidency with Young as president of the church. In 1857, at the time of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Brigham Young, was serving as President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and as Governor of Utah Territory. He was a brother of the Mormon prophet, Brigham Young (1801-1877). Young had a somewhat mixed view of slavery which historian John G. Turner called a "bundle of contradictions". [20] There, Young saw Alpheus Gifford speak in tongues, and in response Young also spoke in tongues. Within months, Harris and the others departed their Utah appointments without replacements being named, and their posts remained unfilled for the next two years. He was initially skeptical on whether or not the school's administration would allow the speech but received a message of encouragement from the administrator who reviewed his speech, telling him it was great and to . [36] He then returned to Kirtland where he remained until dissenters, unhappy with the failure of the Kirtland Safety Society, forced him to flee the community in December 1837. It later became known as the Young Ladies Mutual Improvement Association, and was a charter member of the National Council of Women and International Council of Women. Brigham Young was probably the most oft-married man in 19th-century America. He worked as a carpenter, glazier, and painter. [10] They first resided in a small house adjacent to a pail factory, which was Young's main place of employment at the time. [95][96] Young said in an 1852 speech, "In as much as we believe in the Bible we must believe in slavery. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? Young did not learn of the assassination until early July. Doyle's daughter stated: "You know father would be the first to admit that his first Sherlock Holmes novel was full of errors about the Mormons. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In June 1844 while Young was away, Joseph Smith was killed by an armed mob who stormed the jail where he was awaiting trial for the charge of treason. At Lee's sentencing, as required by Utah Territory statute, he was given the option of being hung, shot, or beheaded, and he chose to be shot. Wagonmaster Luke Winner (Morgan Woodward) feels compelled to leave the instrument behind until Ridges finds solid rock under the sand. [109] During his tenure, Young oversaw construction of the Salt Lake Tabernacle and announced plans to build the St. George (1871), Manti (1875), and Logan (1877) temples. [193], Gregg Henry depicts Young in the fourth (2014) and fifth (2015) seasons of the TV series Hell on Wheels, a fictional story about the construction of the First transcontinental railroad. We only index and link to content provided on other servers. Brigham Young chosen to lead Mormon Church After Joseph Smith, the founder and prophet of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormonism, and his brother, Hyrum, were murdered by. [177] A few of his wives served in administrative positions in the church, such as Zina Huntington and Eliza R. Snow. She has been placed on indefinite suspension for her actions, which include punching another . [119][120] Instead, those who committed such sins could partially atone for their sin by sacrificing their life in a way that sheds blood. [3] Young's use of inflammatory and violent language[4] in response to a federal expedition to the territory (known as the Utah War) added to the tense atmosphere at the time of the attack. They were from Arkansas." [58][59] Several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. [53] On November 22, 1843, Young and his wife Mary Ann received the second anointing, a ritual that assured them that their salvation and exaltation would occur. Questions to be propounded to Brigham Young on his examination as a witness in the case of John D. Lee and others, on trial at Beaver City, this 30th day of July, 1875, and the answers of Brigham . The alleged rape came in the context of the bloody Mormon War of 1838, which saw the massacre of eighteen unsuspecting Mormon men and boys during an attack on a settlement by Missouri non-Mormons . [129], Throughout his time as prophet, Young went to great lengths to deny the assumption that he was the author of the practice of priesthood denial to black men, asserting instead that the Lord was. Brigham Young was born on June 1, 1801, in Whitingham, Vermont, to John and Abigail Young. In 1857, at the time of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Brigham Young, was serving as President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and as Governor of Utah Territory. After the exterior was completed on December 10, 1845, members received their temple endowments day and night, and Young officiated many of these sessions. Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston says its policy won't allow DJ Ferguson to have the surgery since not being vaccinated seriously hurts its chances for success and his long-term outlook. Provo, Utah Area. On many occasions, Young taught that blacks were denied the priesthood because they were "the seed of Cain. No stranger to controversy in his lifetime, early Latter-day Saint leader Brigham Young is generating a little more mystery and contention these days from his graveyard. Many cities and towns in Utah, and some in neighboring states, were founded under Young's direction. Brigham Young University. [177] There were fifty-six women who Young was sealed to during his lifetime. [51] While in Nauvoo, he married Clarissa Decker, Clarissa Ross, Emily Dow Partidge, Louisa Beaman, Margaret Maria Alley, Emmeline Free, Margaret Piece, and Zina Diantha Huntington. According to Young, he was taught by Smith that Adam is "our Father and our God, and the only God with whom we have to do". Byron Morrow played Young in a cameo appearance in the Death Valley Days 1966 episode "An Organ for Brother Brigham". But over time, Young's perspective shifted. Do clownfish have a skeleton or exoskeleton. [93] These individuals later became known as the Runaway Officials of 1851. [144], The degree of Young's involvement in the Mountain Meadows massacre, which took place in Washington County in 1857, is disputed. Lucy and Young had seven children together. "[155], At the time of his death, Young was the wealthiest man in Utah, with an estimated personal fortune of $600,000 (equivalent to $15,300,000 in 2021).[153]. Ann Eliza Young was part of a larger anti-polygamy movement. Recently, Brigham Young has been under attack by many who think his actions were racist, sexist, authoritarian, violent and more. More of the Story Brigham Young was born in Whitingham, Vermont, on June 1, 1801. After the massacre, Young stated in public forums that God had taken vengeance on the BakerFancher party. [16][17], Young first heard about the massacre from John D. Lee, one of the participants. ", invoking the name of the late Joseph Smith Jr, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Lee was arrested on November 7, 1874. [1][2] Evidence as to whether or not Young ordered the attack on the migrant column is conflicted. Thereby the Mormons became the most important single agency in colonizing that vast arid West between the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada. [42] Young and the other apostles directed the church's missionary work and the immigration of new converts from this point forward. God has shown me that this is the spot to locate his people, and here is where they will prosper. His son, also named Alma, rebelled against everything he was taught. Mrs. Lawton was the second of the ten Alexander children, of whom the sixth was the late Gen. Edward Porter Alexander, chief of artillery, Longstreet's Corps, C. S. A., president . Through most of the nineteenth century, the American West was considered the land of opportunity. Joe . [139] The Reformation appeared to have ended completely by early 1858. Rigdon became the president of a separate church organization based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and several other potential successors emerged to lead what became other denominations of the movement. Brigham Young ( / brm /; June 1, 1801 - August 29, 1877) was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. Under his leadership, members in the United Kingdom began publishing Millennial Star, a hymnal, and a new edition of the Book of Mormon. "[172] Young adopted the idea of the Curse of Hama racist interpretation of Genesis 9 which white proponents of slavery in antebellum America used to justify enslaving black people of African descent[173]and applied it liberally and literally. Klingensmith escaped prosecution by agreeing to testify against the others. DJ Ferguson's family say he was first on the list to receive the transplant at Brigham and Women's Hospital but he is no longer eligible because of his vaccination status, CBS Boston. . Researchers note that not all of the fifty-six marriages were conjugal. John Lyon: the life of a pioneer poet. As the competing rail lines approach Utah from the east and west coasts, Young supplies Mormon laborers to both railroad companies and negotiates with the railways to have them make Salt Lake City their meeting point. It was only after the fact, and after the end of the Civil War, that Young slowly realized just how mistaken his hope in a sudden Millennium was: the perpetrators of the MMM were being sought by the Federal courts. Brigham Young and the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Young's belated message to Isaac C. Haight, acting commander of the Iron County Brigade. Brigham Young (/brm/; June 1, 1801 August 29, 1877)[3] was an American religious leader and politician. Later, as Young is generally understood to have taught, Adam returned to the earth to become the biological father of Jesus. Young instructed victims of anti-Mormon violence on the outskirts of Nauvoo to move to Nauvoo. According to trial testimony given later by Haslam, when Haight read Young's words, he sobbed like a child and could manage only the words, "Too late, too late. Brigham Young clearly wasn't free of his ex-wife just yet. "[128] Young was also a vocal opponent of theories of human polygenesis, being a firm voice for stating that all humans were the product of one creation. should serve the seed of Abraham; he should not be a ruler, nor vote for men to rule over me nor my brethren. [74] Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24, 1847, a date now recognized as Pioneer Day in Utah. Beau's son was 9 years old at the time of his father's death. The Love and Laws of God By President Russell M. Nelson ,, An address given at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, on September 17, 2019. Young knew her father, Isaac Decker, in New York. [135] The Mormon Reformation called for a spiritual reawakening among members of the church, and took place largely in the Utah Territory. [91] It was established on February 28, 1850, as the University of Deseret; its name was eventually changed to the University of Utah. [7] Young moved to Auburn, New York where he was an apprentice to John C. Jeffries. During time as prophet and governor, Young encouraged each bishop to establish a grade school for his congregation, which would be supported by volunteer work and tithing payments. [99] In 1858, following the events of the Utah War, he stepped down to his gubernatorial successor, Alfred Cumming.[100]. Robert Walker. [72], Repeated conflict in Nauvoo led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley, which was then part of Mexico. While there, Young's father remarried to a widow named Hannah Brown, and sent Young off to learn a trade. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. If only they wanted it. [11] After his rest, Haslam picked up the reply from Young and was instructed to return to Cedar City with the letter quickly and not to "spare horseflesh."[11]. During the period just before the massacre, known as the Mormon Reformation, Mormon teachings were dramatic and strident. This is due to differences in what scholars have considered to be a "wife". [78] On August 7, Brigham suggested that the members of the camp be re-baptized to signify a re-dedication to their beliefs and covenants. It was only after the fact, and after the end of the Civil War, that Young slowly realized just how mistaken his hope in a sudden Millennium was: the perpetrators of the MMM were being sought by the Federal courts. With Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, Dean Jagger, Brian Donlevy. [69] Some Mormons counterfeited American and Mexican money, and a grand jury indicted Young and other church leaders in 1845. As governor, Young had promised the federal government he would protect migrants passing through Utah Territory, but over 120 men, women and children were killed in this incident. Since Young's death, a number of works have published collections of his discourses and sayings. Crews are continuing cleanup of the area where hazardous materials including vinyl chloride, ethyl acrylate and isobutylene may have . [143] Young eventually reached a settlement with the aid of a peace commission and agreed to step down as governor. Conditions Governing Access. By the summer of 1877, Young's health was in decline, but he continued to play an active role in the Mormon church up until the end. Was brigham young stabbed by a son named Phineas? Joseph! By 1870, it had all but disappeared from use.[108]. This was partly experienced when Young traveled with his wife, Miriam, and Heber C. Kimball to visit the branch of the church in Columbia. Brotherton signed an affidavit saying that she had been locked in Smith's office for two days while Young and others tried to convince her to accept polygamy. Young also worked to establish the learning institutions which would later become the University of Utah and Brigham Young University. Young was involved in temple building throughout his membership in the LDS Church, making it a priority during his time as church president. [37] He became the oldest member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles when David Patten died after the Battle of Crooked River. FactSnippet No. [14], In Blood of the Prophets, Mormon historian William Bagley echoes David White's conclusion that the letter does not absolve Young of any wrongdoing. [Joseph Smith] was succeeded by one of the outstanding organizers of the 19th century, Brigham Young. [4], Young was born on June 1, 1801, in Whitingham, Vermont. Brigham Young University student Matt Easton came out as gay during his convocation speech on April 26, 2019. He was replaced as governor the following year by Alfred Cumming. "[97] Seven years later in 1859, Young stated in an interview with the New York Tribune that he considered slavery a "divine institution not to be abolished". "[127] In 1863, Young stated: "Shall I tell you the law of God in regard to the African race? "[113] Young believed that sexual desire was given by God to ensure the perpetuation of humankind, and believed sex should be confined to marriage. Young claimed access to revelation to know God's choice of successor because of his position as an apostle. Six Days in August: Brigham Young and the Succession Crisis of 1844 Ronald W. Walker Every Latter-day Saint knows the importance of the six days in August 1844 when Brigham Young and the Twelve Apostles were sustained at Nauvoo as Joseph Smith's successors. At its prime, the alphabet was used in two Deseret News articles, two elementary readers, and in a translation of the Book of Mormon. The religion had undergone a period of intense conflict with non-Mormons in the American midwest, and faithful Mormons made solemn oaths to pray for vengeance upon those who killed the "prophets" including founder Joseph Smith, and more recently apostle Parley P. Pratt, who was murdered in April 1857 while traveling as a missionary in Arkansas. The decree of God that Canaan should be a servant of servants unto his brethren (i.e., Shem and Japhet [sic]) is in full force. [175], Of Young's fifty-six wives, twenty-one had never been married before; seventeen were widows; six were divorced; six had living husbands and the marital status of six others is unknown. The horror of rape or sexual assault is traumatizing enough for any victim. Young argued that the church needed more than a spokesman, and that the Twelve Apostles, not Rigdon, had the keys, powers, and "the fulness of the Priesthood," referring to the second anointing. [110], Though polygamy was practiced by Young's predecessor, Joseph Smith,[111] the practice is often associated with Young. Trumpeter Keyon . [24] In May 1834, Young became a member of Zion's Camp, and traveled to Missouri and returned to Kirtland with members of the camp in August. [82] Young named Heber C. Kimball as his first counselor and Willard Richards as his second. [75] Two days after their arrival, Young and the Twelve Apostles climbed the peak just north of the city and raised the American flag, calling it the "Ensign of Liberty. Researchers compared young heart attack victims (<50 years vs. 40) using patient angiograms, a procedure that uses X-rays to see the heart's blood vessels and arteries. [42] Young proposed marriage to Martha Brotherton, who was seventeen years old at the time and had recently immigrated from Manchester, England. 5 min read. Young's message of reply to Haight, dated September 10, 1857, read: In regard to emigration trains passing through our settlements, we must not interfere with them until they are first notified to keep away. This will always be so. The young couple with their empathy-based conservatism are well-positioned to spend another six years in the state's capital. However, Young later testified that he cut Lee off when he started to describe the massacre because he could not bear to hear the details. Lyon, T. Edgar (1989). A large slab of granite was put up on which he had the following words engraved: "Here 120 men, women and children were massacred in cold blood early in September, 1857. For a view skeptical of the "mantle phenomenon" as historically authentic, see. Brigham Young and William Smith discredited Brotherton's character, and Brotherton herself did not associate with the church afterwards. Brigham Young at Home is a valuable addition to the history of the home life of pioneer days. [183][184][185], Brigham Young appears at the end of the bande dessine Le Fil qui chante, the last in the Lucky Luke series by Ren Goscinny. The Mountain Meadows Massacre victimized several groups of emigrants from the northwestern Arkansas region who had started their treks to California in early 1857, joining along the way and becoming known as the BakerFancher party. During the 1870s Lee,[22] Dame, Philip Klingensmith, Ellott Willden, and George Adair, Jr. were indicted and arrested; warrants were obtained to pursue the arrests of four others (Haight, John Higbee, William C. Stewart, and Samuel Jukes) who had successfully gone into hiding. Only at the end, did Brigham Young sacrifice John D. Lee, when it became obvious that the Nation would have justice for the atrocity. Mormon historian Juanita Brooks believes that the letter demonstrates that Young "did not order the massacre, and would have prevented it if he could. [171], On this topic, Young wrote: "They have not wisdom to act like white men. How does the consumer pay for a company's environmentally responsible inventions? The Utah Territory was created by Congress as part of the Compromise of 1850, and as colonizer and founder of Salt Lake City, Young was appointed the territory's first governor and superintendent of American Indian affairs by President Millard Fillmore on February 3, 1851. Brigham Young was the second president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, from 1847 until his death in 1877. This blog is for preview purposes only and all music downloaded should be deleted within 24 hours. The status of four was unknown. 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