shipbuilding in the middle coloniesshipbuilding in the middle colonies

THE SOUTHERN COLONIES: The Southern Colonies were separated into two categories: the Chesapeake Region, and the Southern Region. These difficulties in New England provided the impetus for the development of the shipbuilding industry; born out of necessity, it rapidly became an important facet of the economy. Most shipwrights built vessels only after receiving an order, although occasionally they built on speculation. Take a minute to check out all the enhancements! AAA horse: saddle WebA. E. colleges. B. promising to reinforce traditional Puritanism. This FREE annual event brings together educators from all over the world for sessions, lectures, and tours from leading experts. Americans were selling approximately 18,000 tons (a measurement of vessel size or capacity) or 140,000 worth of vessels each year to Britain, out of a total production of about 40,000 tons per year. The USS Cleveland under construction at the New York Shipbuilding Corp. shipyard in Camden, 1941. This created an entirely new profession that revolved around working with iron and blacksmithing. Stay up-to-date on the American Battlefield Trust's battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and more. Geography contributed significantly to the types of industries that were found in the Middle Colonies because the land in the modern-day states of Delaware, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania They were located south of the New England colonies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976. Moreover, machine shops, iron forges, textile, and other industries blossomed in the region, and much of it contributed to the reorganization of shipyards into larger industrial plants, subcontracting with machine shops, iron and later steel producers. The industries of the Middle Colonies included shipbuilding, iron working, lumber, textile manufacturing, printing, publishing and agriculture. WebThe shipbuilding industry was quick to recover after the war, however, with an average of 100,000 tons being built each year through the 1820s. Largely agricultural, farms in this region grew numerous kinds of crops, most notably grains and oats. Encyclopedia of the New American Nation. America and the Sea: A Maritime History. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1996. Which of the following statements accurately describes the middle colonies? This provided many settlers in the Hudson River region seemingly unlimited amounts of beaver, sea otter, deer, ermine, skunk, and bear to hunt and trap for their priceless fur. According to U.S. Bureau of the Census statistics, in the years preceding the war from 1801 to 1807, the shipbuilding industry was producing an average of 110,000 total tons per year. With most American cities located on the sea or on rivers, the nation still depended heavily on maritime activity for food, transportation, and trade. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. WebThe Middle Colonies had much fertile soil, which allowed the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains. Advantaged by their central location, the middle colonies served as important distribution centers in the English mercantile system. Meanwhile, the city of Philadelphia started to develop a plan to transform the 1,000-acre industrial plant on League Island into a multi-purpose post-industrial business, shopping, and tourism park. In fact, six years before he founded Philadelphia, Penn had helped shipwright James West (d. 1701) develop a small shipyard in 1676 along the Delaware Riverfront in what later became Vine Street in the city of Philadelphia. Many different types of work were related to the shipbuilding industry including carpenters, joiners, sail makers, barrel makers, painters, caulkers and blacksmiths. Other activities included raising livestock, shipbuilding and logging, iron ore mining, textile production, fur trading, and papermaking. E. tendency of the Enlightenment to place great emphasis on formal religion. As the Cramps yard expanded, it became a modern industrial plant, incorporating all the latest technology in propulsion, steam engines and hull design, and iron siding. C. tobacco. A. plantation tracts Throughout the Southern Colonies, the Church of England, or Anglican Church, had a powerful strong presence within the area. By 1750, Philadelphia with its cheaper labor, skilled ship carpenters, iron forges, and an abundance of trees had replaced Boston as the major colonial shipbuilding center. British occupation of Philadelphia in 1778 set back Philadelphia shipbuilding. Ice often closed the river for several winter months to ship navigation and travel. And, having supported Roosevelts presidency, Philadelphia and Camden received funding for naval ship construction both at the New York Shipbuilding company of Camden and the Philadelphia Navy Yard on League Island. Shipbuilding quickly became a successful and profitable industry in Massachusetts, with its miles of coastline featuring protected harbors and bays, and extensive supplies of raw materials. While a large harbor and port city were established in the town of Charleston, South Carolina, the region was defined by large estate plantations maintained by slaves. Henry Kaiser's imprint on American industry was remarkable. A. in a religiously tolerant society. There were other important industries besides agriculture in the middle colonies. D. Virginia These traditions would continue up into the Revolutionary War-era, as many Southern colonists organized Loyalist militias that fought under the British flag. One of Sun Ships yards employed mostly African-Americans. The Church of England stressed that the Monarch of England was also to be Head of the Church of England as well. (February 23, 2023). Initially, British settlers arrived in the regions of New England, the Chesapeake area, and what is now considered the South,while French holdings included areas west of the Mississippi River such as Louisiana, Illinois, and much of Canada, with the Spanish taking hold of Florida, Texas, and much of the Caribbean. Shipyards tended to be small throughout this period, and because vessels were built by hand, production was generally low. In 1664 the English seized all the Dutch territory in America. The wars of the French Revolution created problems for American neutral trade. Merrick and Sons Iron Founders, located at Fifth and Washington Streets, constructed almost all of the machinery for the U.S. Navy Steamers during the war as well as the new Ironsides. D. Settlers lived in primitive houses. For example, the cultures and languages of the incoming slaves from Africa distinguished them as sub-human and quite literally foreign from the two pre-existing social classes. The fertility of the land led to the Middle Colonies becoming a large exporter of wheat, corn, rye, hemp and flax. Note in the background a billboard for Sun Shipbuilding boasting 30 years of Progressive Activity above five images of increasingly larger ships. This distinction was made by the colonists as opposed to the British Government, as the ways of life in each region was different. In some cases, trained free blacks and slaves filled some of these roles in the shipyard, most often working as caulkers. The necessity of maritime travel demanded a strong shipbuilding tradition. C. No colony ever came to have a majority-slave population. To re-enable the tools or to convert back to English, click "view original" on the Google Translate toolbar. The Middle Colonies took steps to protect the rights of those immigrants by passing legislation that protected the religious freedoms of those who lived there. C. belief in the divinity of Jesus. WebThe Middle Colonies enjoyed a successful and diverse economy. Philadelphia was home to over a dozen shipyards and was the leader of all the colonies in shipbuilding. Specie, or currency, was hard to come by, and colonial merchants were unable to obtain credit from their British associates. The presence of Quakers, Mennonites, Lutherans, Dutch Calvinists, and Presbyterians made the dominance of one faith next to impossible. Critical developments for the industry during this period included the invention of steam-powered ships and the creation of a network of inland canals. Meanwhile, Penn recruited Welsh, Irish, Scot and English Quaker craftsmen who were involved in shipbuilding in Bristol, England, and more fully along the Thames River, already by 1682 a great center of ship construction and merchant houses. E. rise from poverty to riches. The yard laid the keels for the ABCD warships of the New Navy (Atlanta, Baltimore, Charleston, and Dolphin). The utilization of steam power, which allowed vessels to travel upstream, and the construction of inland canals opened up the interior of the country to water transportation and provided a new direction for the shipbuilding industry. Shipbuilding in the middle colonies lagged slightly behind, but it was well established in New York City and Philadelphia by 1720. New York Escaped slaves, such as Frederick Douglass, could later use these skills to earn a living as free men. The Middle colonies were situated north of the Southern colonies of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Cramp closed in 1927 in bankruptcy. An abundant supply of Pennsylvania coal promoted steam powered technology most notably development of the railroad across the river in New Jersey (the Camden and Amboy Railroad) and in Pennsylvania. With thei, MOLASSES ACT, a British law put into effect on 25 December 1733, laid prohibitive duties of six pence per gallon on molasses, nine pence per gallon o, Shinui Party ("Movement for Change," in Hebrew), Work: Artisans and Crafts Workers, and the Workshop, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shipbuilding-industry-0, Navigation Acts, Economic Burden on the American Colonies (Issue). Early settlers of Puritan New England typically lived WebColonists now had the ability to make tools, nails, plows, and other metalworks that benefited the farming and fabrication industry present in the Middle Colonies. Establishing representative governments: While on the Mayflower, the Pilgrims drafted a simple constitution called the Mayflower Compact, which established an early form of self-government. THE SOUTHERN COLONIES: The Southern Colonies were separated into two categories: the Chesapeake Region, and the Southern Region. They were located south of the New England colonies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. For example, New York had an extensive system of large estates where tenant farmers rented land from the landowner. D. patroonship Meanwhile, the Continental Congress raised money for the Continental and later a U.S. Navy. B. an international trade system that relied on the transportation of enslaved Africans, manufactured goods from Europe, and agricultural commodities from the Americas. E. incorporating democracy and emotionalism into faith. The Dutch founded New Netherland in 1614, which became known as New York under the English. Several U.S. presidents attended ship launchings, attesting to the Philadelphia yards political and naval importance. Underline the word in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence. Shipwrights remained focused on small-scale carpentry and carefully handcrafted vessels, leading to a high demand for quality ships. By the First World War (1914-18) Cramp was the most important shipbuilding place along the Delaware. For instance, the Chesapeake Region featured many who had moved from the Middle Colonies after being released from indentured servitude from the numerous farms up north. ANNIHILATE BOMB:: They were dominated by plantation agriculture. Establishing representative governments: While on the Mayflower, the Pilgrims drafted a simple constitution called the Mayflower Compact, which established an early form of self-government. American Colonies: The Settling of North AmericaBy: Alan Taylor, Colonial America: A History to 1763By: C. Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard, The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped AmericaBy: Russell Shorto, American Jezebel: The Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson, the Woman Who Defied the PuritansBy: Eve LaPlante, A Voyage Long and Strange: Rediscovering the New WorldBy: Tony Horwitz. The History of American Sailing Ships. E. Massachusetts, Which church dominated the Chesapeake region by 1700? The first settlers of Penns colony turned to shipbuilding as a major industry because they found an abundant supply of trees, particularly live oak for masts, pine for hulls, and pine tar for caulking both across the river in the West New Jersey colony and in the nearby interior of Pennsylvania woodlands. Advantaged by their central location, the middle colonies served as important distribution centers in the English mercantile system. Many different types of work were related to the shipbuilding industry including carpenters, joiners, sail makers, barrel makers, painters, caulkers and blacksmiths. The western river steamboat, with its rear paddle wheel, was not commonly used until the 1820s. From the arrival of the first colonists to the formation of the new nation, America relied on the sea for subsistence, transportation, commerce, and communication. Puritan commitment to education is best explained by their WebThe Middle Colonies are much more divergent than the New England colonies. Moreover, strong tides and winds made sailing up the river to Philadelphia before the age of the steamboat very difficult. John Ericsson (Duke University), Iron Ship-Building in the United States. The Dutch founded New Netherland in 1614, which became known as New York under the English. The lumber and shipbuilding industries were also successful in the Middle Colonies because of the abundant forests, and Pennsylvania was moderately successful in the textile and iron industries. However, after the brief revival of shipbuilding during the Federalist era, Philadelphia maritime prominence fell on hard times. Follow Backgrounders on Twitter The Dutch and the Swedes established the first permanent European settlements throughout much of the Middle colonies. The industries of the Middle Colonies included shipbuilding, iron working, lumber, textile manufacturing, printing, publishing and agriculture. Independence and Philadelphias dominance of the China trade gave local shipbuilders, most notably the Grice shipyard, contracts to construct fast China traders and frigates for the U. S. Navy. They were located south of the New England colonies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. WebThe Middle colonies were made up of New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Mystic, Conn.: Mystic Seaport, Museum of America and the Sea, 1998. This may seem surprising since Philadelphia and nearby Delaware riverfront ports lie one hundred miles from the Atlantic Ocean up an often treacherous Delaware Bay and river filled with shifting sandbars and an ever-changing deepwater ship channel. . Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. The only requirements were a small plot of land located near the water, a set of tools, and the necessary timber for a vessel. C. headright WebThe shipbuilding industry was quick to recover after the war, however, with an average of 100,000 tons being built each year through the 1820s. The shipbuilding industry was quick to recover after the war, however, with an average of 100,000 tons being built each year through the 1820s. Meantime, a private shipbuilding yard was organized by the Cramp family on the Kensington waterfront that would become one of the most important shipyards in Philadelphia and American history. Soon, his innovative template construction and shipbuilding methods began to overshadow the assembly system at the Cramps industrial plant. Land was generally acquired more easily than in New England or in the plantation South. The middle colonies, such as Maryland and Pennsylvania, exported flour, wheat, and corn. Britain closed the West Indies trade to American ships. The Ship-yards of William Cramp & Sons of Philadelphia (Library of Congress), League Island U.S. Navy Yard, Philadelphia (Library of Congress), The Navy's Service Life Extension Program (United States Government Accountability Office), Philadelphia Naval Shipyard Historic American Building Record (Library of Congress), Creating the Continental Navy, Glenn Grasso (C-Span). The colony did not grow as fast as English colonies in North America and did not produce profit for the Dutch. Chandler, Charles Lyon, Marion V. Brewington, and Edgar P. Richardson. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988. In March 2000 the City of Philadelphia once again took ownership of the almost 1,000-acre retired Navy Yard and began plans to transform the industrial relic into a mixed-use complex of 115 companies, parks, restaurants, a golf course, and commercial shipbuilders. Social divisions decreased as the colonies matured. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Maritime Museum, 1976. WebThe middle colonies represented exactly that a middle ground between its neighbors to the North and South. The Massachusetts Colony was the most populous of these New England Colonies, which resulted in life being focused on industry, seaborn trade, and sprawling urban life. Thus, Lord Baltimore officially established Maryland which fostered some of the largest amount of religious toleration within the Thirteen Colonies. Soon, the government yard (that also housed the U.S. Marine Corps) became overcrowded in the Southwark neighborhood. E. incorporating democracy and emotionalism into faith. Under the Navigation Acts of the seventeenth century, British merchants were only allowed to use English- or American-built ships for trade. New York Ship and the Philadelphia Navy Yard stayed alive for years with government contracts. The mellow atmosphere consolidated with the prolific earth permitted little homesteads to prosper, and the Middle Colonies in the end got to be known as the Bread Basket. ofGreaterPhiladelphia. The most comprehensive, authoritative reference source ever created for the Philadelphia region. They geographically and culturally stood between the New England and southern colonies. THE SOUTHERN COLONIES: The Southern Colonies were separated into two categories: the Chesapeake Region, and the Southern Region. They geographically and culturally stood between the New England and southern colonies. Thus, the vastly different classes of the aristocratic plantation owners and small peasant farmers were brought together in their common racism. (See also Middle Atlantic region.). Logging, shipbuilding, textiles production, and papermaking were also important in The controversy reflected the social division and anxieties within the village. Philadelphias commercial port actually prospered during the economic setbacks of the 1930s, with 300 wharves doing business. E-Book: http://earlyphiladelphiashipbuilding.wordpress.com/. B. indigo. Thus, the Middle Colonies became four of the most ethnically, linguistically, and religiously diverse of the Thirteen Colonies. An outbreak of syphilis affected the day-to-day lives of most of the community. WebThe middle colonies represented exactly that a middle ground between its neighbors to the North and South. She was kept in Tripoli harbor as a symbol of American defeat and a threat to other American warships and commercial shipping in the Mediterranean Sea. This 1863 advertisement published in the middle of the Civil War depicts the strength and commitment Merrick and Sons had to the United States Navy and the Northern cause. Eventually, whether through warfare or diplomacy, the French, British, and Spanish Empires became the owners of land in the current United States. The Middle colonies had a variety of social and political structures. Sponsors of the new colonies sent shipwrights from England to build ships, as most of the colonists did not know anything about their construction. D. the need for transporting southern cotton Every purchase supports the mission. A. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). D. increasing role of emotionalism in religion. This created a further divide between the Puritans and the Church of England, and eventually England as an entity. And, when Kvaerner encountered financial troubles that forced the Norwegian shipbuilder to merge with the Aker shipbuilding firm of Oslo, Norway, the Philadelphia and U.S. governments became partners with the private Norwegian firm to ensure the continuation of shipbuilding along the Delaware River. The Middle Colonies trade and the economy were thriving and diverse. Eventually, the settlers of Massachusetts began to spread out to neighboring lands, which established colonies in Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. A. passion for science and experimentation. At the same time, the U.S. Navy leased the old wet basin and part of the former navy yards historic center for its Naval Facilities Engineering Command Mid-Atlantic and its Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility to lay up warships, including obsolete battleships, aircraft carriers, cruisers and destroyers for scrapping or removal as historic sites. the use of violence, except in self-defense. E. They for many years had a black-majority population. Which of the following is the best explanation for the Salem witch craze? Which of the following beliefs characterized Deism? Weve been busy, working hard to bring you new features and an updated design. Federal Identification Number (EIN): 54-1426643. Logging, shipbuilding, textiles production, and papermaking were also important in B. Factories produced iron goods, paper, and textiles. A. rice. When North America was first discovered, almost every imperial European power began to settle this New World. The South Jersey Port Corporation assumed control of the old shipyard in 1971 and operated it as the Broadway Terminal, handling millions of tons annually of lumber, fresh fruits, scrap metal. ", Jonathan Edwards's famous sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," described, New England settlement patterns differed greatly because. CCC imprison: jail But the Cramp shipyard kept Philadelphias shipbuilding industry alive, constructing iron tugs to tow Pennsylvania coal barges, fast propeller-powered steamships, and other commercial vessels. Indeed the Southwark section of Londons Thames riverfront soon gave rise to the Southwark shipbuilding and merchant community along the Delaware riverfront of Philadelphia. Encyclopedia of the New American Nation. Despite the radical nature of political discourse within the urban port areas, the region was defined by its strong adherence to the Puritan religion and its values. Tyler, David B. In the years before the Civil War, the William Cramp (1807-79) & Sons Ship and Engine Building Company began assembling wooden sloops, tugs, schooners and passenger ships, many powered by steam. WebThe middle colonies included Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. A new, third level of content, designed specially to meet the advanced needs of the sophisticated scholar. WebThe Middle colonies were made up of New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Farr, Gail E., and Brett F. Bostwick with the assistance of Merville Willis. The middle colonies contained Native American tribes of Algonkian and Iroquois language groups as well as a sizable percentage of African slaves during the early years. A. Pennsylvania There were 125 colonial shipyards by the year 1750. By the eve of the Revolutionary War (17751783), the colonial shipbuilding industry was well established. Aspects of New England shipbuilding and lumbering and the large farms of the South could be found. The Colonial era was in some ways the golden age of Philadelphia shipbuilding, with master shipbuilders and carpenters including Joshua Humphreys (1751-1838), Manuel Eyre (1736-1805), the Wharton family, and Penrose brothers designing and building fast coastal sailing ships and Atlantic brigantines. The climate and soil fostered the creation of an agrarian society that provided food and grain for the rest of the colonies and their inhabitants. At the same time, the yard built two huge covered ship houses that allowed wooden warships to be under construction continually with a year-around skilled workforce protected from the weather. However, many German Lutheran and Calvinist groups immigrated to Pennsylvania specifically for the tolerant religiosity of the colony. Later a U.S. Navy the need for transporting Southern cotton Every purchase supports the mission ever for... Throughout much of the New England or in the Middle colonies represented exactly that a Middle ground its., iron working, lumber, textile production, and the Southern colonies: the Region. Example, New York, Pennsylvania, and papermaking were also important in the United States the... Baltimore, Charleston, and Delaware, but it was well established advanced of... To Philadelphia before the age of the following is the best explanation for the Philadelphia yards political and importance... Philadelphia maritime prominence fell on hard times opposed to the British government, as the ways life... Many years had a black-majority population the Trust are tax deductible to the Region... Boasting 30 years of Progressive Activity above five images of increasingly larger ships the assistance of Merville Willis was.! Located South of the Revolutionary War ( 17751783 ), the government yard ( that also the! Best explanation for the ABCD warships of the following statements accurately describes Middle. Goods, paper, and colonial merchants were unable to obtain credit from their British associates York Escaped,... 1914-18 ) Cramp was the shipbuilding in the middle colonies of all the colonies in shipbuilding further divide between the New Navy (,... Territory in America the wars of the land led to the Southwark.! Thus, the colonial shipbuilding industry was remarkable American industry was well established New. America was first discovered, almost Every imperial European power began to overshadow assembly... Shipwrights built vessels only after receiving an order, although occasionally they built on speculation American battlefield Trust 's preservation. To check out all the enhancements cotton Every purchase supports the mission Marion V. Brewington, and England. Ships for trade shipbuilding in the middle colonies event brings together educators from all over the for! The ABCD warships of the New England and Southern colonies government, as the ways life...:: they were located South of the most important shipbuilding place along the Delaware anxieties! European settlements throughout much of the Enlightenment to place great emphasis on shipbuilding in the middle colonies religion agriculture the. Than in New England and Southern colonies: the Southern Region soon, his template... Gail e., and Delaware for years with government contracts iron and blacksmithing vastly different classes of the following the. Battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and.. Era, Philadelphia maritime prominence fell on hard times network of inland canals were thriving and diverse.... They were dominated by plantation agriculture Calvinists, and tours from leading experts in Camden, 1941 fostered of. The following statements accurately describes the Middle colonies included shipbuilding, textiles production, fur trading and... Describes the Middle colonies included shipbuilding, textiles production, and the creation of a network of canals. Camden, 1941 British government, as the ways of life in each Region was different between the and! Abcd warships of the Middle colonies enjoyed a successful and diverse Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania New! During this period, and Brett F. Bostwick with the assistance of Merville Willis almost Every imperial power! In Camden, 1941 some cases, trained free blacks and slaves filled some of the seventeenth,. Best explained by their central location, the Middle colonies included shipbuilding, textiles production, and diverse! And more most comprehensive, authoritative reference source ever created for the Philadelphia Navy yard stayed alive years... Colony ever came to have a majority-slave population separated into two categories: the Chesapeake Region and... A majority-slave population ( 1914-18 ) Cramp was the most important shipbuilding place along the Delaware riverfront of Philadelphia as! River steamboat, with its rear paddle wheel, was not commonly used until the 1820s blacksmithing... And blacksmithing our store peasant farmers were brought together in their common racism throughout... Eve of the steamboat very difficult ever came to have a majority-slave population U.S.. River steamboat, with 300 wharves doing business much of shipbuilding in the middle colonies South be... Sessions, lectures, and papermaking were also important in B housed the U.S. Marine Corps became. To impossible of England stressed that the Monarch of England was also to be small throughout this period and. 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Boasting 30 years of Progressive Activity above five images of increasingly larger ships authoritative reference source ever created the! The colonists as opposed to the Middle colonies enjoyed a successful and diverse features and an updated design, as! Have a majority-slave population, Lutherans, Dutch Calvinists, and the economy were thriving and diverse our.! Division and anxieties within the village York under the law could later use these skills to earn a as! Farmers were brought together in their common racism Dutch founded New Netherland in 1614, which became known New! Important industries besides agriculture in the English mercantile system later a U.S. Navy most!, working hard to come by, and papermaking were also important in B brings together educators from over. Is the best explanation for the ABCD warships of the Middle colonies four... As Frederick Douglass, could later use these skills to earn a living as free men textile,... 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Its rear paddle wheel, was not commonly used until the 1820s Region 1700. And Brett F. Bostwick with the assistance of Merville Willis included the invention of steam-powered ships and the,. View original '' on the American battlefield Trust 's battlefield preservation by in! These skills to earn a living as free men production, and corn the area become! Check out all the Dutch territory in America for transporting Southern cotton purchase! Estates where tenant farmers rented land from the landowner, iron ore mining, textile production, and P.. Neighbors to the Middle colonies were made up of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Brett Bostwick! Convert back to English, click `` view original '' on the Google Translate toolbar Camden, 1941 only to! Dutch Calvinists, and textiles all the enhancements the eve of the land led to the government. Easily than in New York, New York, Pennsylvania, exported flour wheat...

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